A study by researchers at New York University’s AI Now Institute of thirteen US jurisdictions where predictive policing tools have been in operation concluded that ‘illegal police practices can significantly distort the data that is collected, and the risks that dirty data will still be used for law How problematic is AI technology?

Even when race data is stripped from predictive policing AI systems (a frequent requirement of equalities laws), problems remain. Rashida Richardson, the author of the AI Now paper, who is now a visiting scholar at Rutgers Law School, points out that there are numerous forms of data that can serve as proxies for race.